중국의 신형도시화 정책과 시사점

출처 : kiet 산업경제(2013.5월 김화섭 연구위원)

중국의 신지도부는 향후 10년 동안 도시화 건설에 약 40조 위안을 투자할 방침으로 전해지고 있다.

<도시화 정책 배경>
1. 지속적인 경제 성장
 현재 중국이 안고 있는 경제적인 측면에서 대표적인 문제점은 중복투자와 이로 인한 생산능력 과잉의다. 지금까지 주로 추진되어 온 대규모 투자에 의한 성장방식이 가져온 한계이다.
글로벌 금융위기는 중국의 수출 성장세를 저해하고 있고 더 이상의 시장 확대를 기대하기 어려운 실정이다.
 결국 내수 시장에 의한 성장으로 정책의 전환이 필요했으며 여기에 부합한 것이 도시화 정책이다. 중국이 경제성장 과정에서 오랫동안 누려온 인구보너스(人口紅利)를 내수보너서(內需紅利)로 갈아타겠다는 의도이다.

2. 민생향상
 사회 인프라 개선, 도농 간 격차해소 그리고 각종 사회보장 개선과 관련된 정책 및 제도 개선 수반하기 때문에 민생 향상에 유력한 수단이 된다.

<사람의 도시화 : 농민공에 대한 차별철폐>
- 2010년 세계 평균 도시화율 : 50/9%
   선진국 70~80%
 중국의 경우 1978년 1억 7,200만명에서 2012년 도시 인구가 7억 1,200만명으로 증가하여 52.6%까지 치솟았지만, 호적 등록 기준으로 보면 2010년 현재 도시화율은 34.2%에 불과하다.(농민공)
 농민공의 소득증대와 이에 따른 내수확대를 위해서는 기존 호적제도의 개선이 불가피하며 이러한 호적제도의 개선에는 사회보장제도의 차별없는 적용이 필수적이다.

<토지의 도시화>
중국에서 도시의 토지는 국가 소유인 반면 농지는 농민 집단 소유의 형태로 띠고 있다.
도시화는 주로 농지르 도시 건설 용지로 전용하면서 이뤄진다. (지방)정부는 농지를 수용하게 되는데 이때 토지를 수용당한 농민들에게 보상금이 주어진다.

-기존 도시화 과정
토지수용(지방정부에 의한 낮은 가격의 수용) -> 토지매각(부동산개발회사 등에 대한 고가의 매각) -> 징세.비용 징수(부동산 개발회사 등에 대한 징수) -> 토지재수용(징세로 인한 수입을 재원으로 새로운 농지 수용)

이러한 과정이 도시화 확대에 기여하고 경제 성장에 이바지한 것으로 평가되기도 하나, 지방정부와 농민 간 협상력의 불균형, 애매모호한 규정 등으로 인해 농민들과 지방정부 간 정상적인 토지거래가 이루어지기 어렵다. 지방정부는 토지를 염가로 취득했기 때문에 토지에 대한 효율적 이용이라는 의식이 희박할 수밖에 없다.
토지이용의 비효율성보다 더욱 심각한 문제는 도시화 과정에서 농민에 대한 일방적인 희생강요이다. 중국 사회과학원에 따르면 2012년 1~8월 기간 발생한 파업.폭동 가운데 약 절반은 토지수용과 주택의 철거로 인한 것이다.

<재원조달 방식>
중국에서는 토지재정이라는 용어가 존재할 정도로 지방정부의 재정은 부동산에 크게 의존하고 있다. 12차 5개년 계획 가운데에는 '조화로운 사회건설'을 위한 수단의 일환으로 도시 보장성 주택건설을 강제성 목표로 정하면서 주체를 각급 지방정부로 규정하고 있다. 지방정부가 보장성 주택 건설 목표를 달성하기 위해서는 토지를 염가 혹은 무상으로 부동산업자에게 제공해야 한다는 의미이다. 즉 도시화 정책으로 인해 지방정부는 재정부족의 압박을 더욱 크게 받을 수 있다는 것이다.
 토지의 재분배 기능이 지방정부에 집중되어 있기 때문에 도시화 전략의 주체는 지방정부가 될 수밖에 없다. 전략의 주체가 되는 지방정부가 재정압박에 직면하게 되면 도시화가 제대로 추진될 수 없다.
 현재 예상할 수 있는 관련제도 개선으로는 부동산세 전면 도입1), 지방정부의 채권 발행 규제완화2) 그리고 토지사용권 판매대금 분할 납부3) 등이다.
1) 현재 중국에서는 부동산세는 지방정부의 세수로 귀속된다. 이 제도는 현재 상해 및 중경에서 시험적으로 실시되고 있다. 그러나 이러한 부동산세 징수 대상은 제도 시행 이후 보유한 주택에 한한다. 따라서 이미 다세대 주택보유자는 징수대상이 되지 않아 형평성의 문제가 제기되고 있기도 하다.
2) 중국에서는 지방정부에 의한 채권발행이 허용되지 않는다. 다만 상해, 절강성, 광동성 및 심천 등 비교적 재정이 양호한 일부지역에 대해서는 중앙의 대리 형식으로 채권발행이 허용되고 있다.
3) 토지사용권 유효기간은 수십 년에 달하지만 대금 지불은 일시불로 이뤄진다. 이에 따라 지방정부 관료가 임기내 대량의 토지사용권을 판매해 행정업적 축적에 주력하면 차기정부는 재원부족에 시달리게 되는 경우가 많다.

<전망 및 시사점>
중국의 새로운 지도부가 추진하고 있는 도시화 정책은 호적제도, 토지제도 그리고 지방재정 제도 등 다양한 방면에서 개혁을 수반한다는 측면에서 종래 도시화 정책과는 달리 신형이라고 할 만하다.
도시화가 추진되면 단순히 도시-농촌 간 인구 비율의 변화뿐만 아니라 도시민의 생활방식, 직업구조, 소비형태 등에서도 새로운 모습이 나타날 것이라는 데에 주목할 필요가 있다.
호적제도 개혁에 따른 농민공의 도시화 확대는 인건비 상승을 가져올 우려가 있다.
(농산물관련 ) 도시화는 수많은 농민들이 생산자에서 소비자로 전환하게 되며 이에 따라 생산감소 및 가격상승으로 이어질 수 있다.

The middle-class trap

World-watchers say China's expanding middle class will become the most influential bloc on this planet very soon. But in the meantime, they are the ones who have to struggle most with new expectations, higher benchmarks and also battle ingrained lifestyle traditions. Liu Wei takes a closer look.

*ingrained 습관이 몸에 밴

Han Lin has not spoken to his father in two months. Part of the reason is the old man wants to take his 1-year-old granddaughter back to Xuzhou, Jiangsu province, so he can look after her better, but the city is a four-hour train ride away from Beijing, and his son had flatly refused. While the situation may be unfamiliar to people living in the United States or United Kingdom, Han's dilemma is very common in China, especially among the growing numbers of the so-called middle class. And this is only one problem they face.

*flatly 단호하게

A recent report by The Times of London describes the Chinese middle class as "on their way to becoming the most powerful social bloc on the planet". The Wall Street Journal quoted statistics from McKinsey & Co, which defines this group as those with annual disposable incomes of between $16,000 and $34,000.

Han, an IT engineer with a US company, and his wife Qian Jin, an accountant in a private domestic enterprise, were startled at the suggestion that they fitted into this category.

"Middle class? Call me middle-class when I have at least two houses and a Beijing hukou," says Qian. A hukou is a permanent household registration in the city, which allows the resident full privileges in housing, education and health services.

Han Lin, his wife Qian Jin (left), with their daughter and mother share happy times in their Beijing home. Feng Yongbin / China Daily

Housing has become the most important issue for most urban Chinese families, closely followed by their children's education.

The price of a 100-square-meter apartment around Beijing's Third Ring Road, about 10 km from the city center, has risen to four times its price in 2005.

Han, 32, bought his 90-square-meter apartment in 2008.

His suburban community has no major hospital or shopping mall, and he drives an hour each day to his job in the city center. Yet, he considers the house his wisest investment in Beijing. He bought it for about 900,000 yuan ($124,000) in 2008, and now property agents offer him 2 million yuan for it.

"I am quite lucky compared to many of my age," he says. "Our parents had some savings and they were generous in their support, or else my life in Beijing would have been totally different. It would have been a lot more stressful."

Han and Qian lived with his parents for about three months after their baby was born. When they had to go back to work, they asked their parents to Beijing to help. A good baby sitter would have cost at least 4,000 yuan a month.

With five people under one roof, their apartment started to feel a little cramped.There was also a growing problem: There were no good kindergartens or elementary schools in the community. They could send their child to a private school, but tuition fees and peer pressure worried them.

*cramped 비좁은

Han frets that perhaps his child would be ashamed that he drove a Buick while the other children were being chauffeured home in Porsches or BMWs.

*fret 초조하게 하다.

Some of his neighbors sold their 100-square-meter houses to buy a 40-square-meter apartment downtown so they had access to better schools.

Many had taken even more drastic measures. Qian says at least five of her colleagues had left Beijing in the last two years because they cannot afford a house in the city.

"The obsession of owning your own house is overwhelming," she says. "If someone is over 30 and still live in a rental house, he is just labeled as not successful."

She says there are even some who fake a divorce so they can buy a second house, referring to the strict regulations that now govern the purchase and ownership of a second property that Beijing and some other major cities have imposed to cool the real estate market.

*imposed 겹처진

Policy dictates that residents without a Beijing hukou cannot buy more than one house.

Although their current accommodation is getting crowded, Han and Qian is postponing plans to buy a bigger house.

Like most people their age in China, they are the only child in their respective families. They need to take care of four elderly parents with increasingly fragile health - at least until the country's health and social welfare system can ensure that every old person can be decently looked after.

They also need to save for their child.

페이지 2

Even milk money is a heavy expenditure. They currently feed their baby an imported milk powder from Germany, and the price of the brand has been swinging upward as demand increases in tandem with falling confidence in domestic dairy products after safety-issue scandals.

Han's father had suggested bringing the child back to Xuzhou, their hometown, arguing that the grandparents can look after the baby better, and that the cost of living would be lower. The grandfather also thinks that chances in finding a good school will be better.

Han finds that decision too hard to make.

"How much money the Chinese middle class earns is much easier to measure than how happy they are," notes Zhou Xiaozheng, sociology professor at Renmin University.

"Fancy as their jobs, cars or houses may be, the pressures are enormous. They do not enjoy the benefits of the upper class, and they share the same worries of the lower classes including food safety for their children, education and the stress to succeed."

Bei Bei is single, has a Beijing hukou, three houses and fits exactly into Qian's definition of being "middle class", but the 35-year-old has her own angst.

*angst 불안 고뇌

Born and raised in Beijing, the owner of a technology company lives in a 190-square-meter house in central Beijing, and has two more she rents out. She has two cars: a Land Rover and a BMW.

Her definition of being middle-class goes beyond the material possessions.

"In my opinion, being middle class means having quality of life and good taste for beauty and art," she says.

Bei tries to live up to this standard by going to the gym four times a week, collecting art and traveling abroad at least three times a year. Unfortunately, she finds some basic elements of life such as clean air, water and safe food beyond her.

To compensate, she buys organic food, imported milk and bottled water, and has two Swedish-made air purifiers working in her house, and that of her parents.

Bei got divorced two years ago. Being single again at 35 does not bother her, although being misunderstood by her friends does.

"I think I am leading a pretty cool life, but they think I am just putting on a brave face." The issue is finding the right partner.

"Men my age who are equally sound financially tend to choose younger women," she says. "I must say people today are living a more improved life, and they are much more open to life choices than in my parents' era. But, some fundamental changes need time."

She illustrates her point by citing her traveling experiences.

In her three trips abroad every year, she always travels business class, but not all her boyfriends have taken to that very well.

"Oddly enough, I cannot pay for them, because that will bruise their egos even more," she laughs.

*bruise 의기소침하게 하다.

Han and his wife and Bei all agree on one thing though, and that is China's middle class needs to be more committed to society and community.

Han uses Weibo to post his opinions on inflation and air pollution, and Bei practices a strict moral bottom line in doing business.

"I will not deceive my clients with lame products, even if some people may be earning more money by doing so," she says.

*deceive 속이다. 기만하다

Professor Zhou of Renmin University expects even more from the Chinese middle class, estimated by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to take up about 40 percent of China's population by 2020.

"The Chinese middle class struggles between tradition and rapid social changes," he says.

"They yearn for a better sense of stability and security when growing their wealth. I believe that with their education and insight they will play a significant role, and their voices on social causes will get louder as they grow more and more numerous."

 http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-05/19/content_16509767.htm

Teaching ‘The Great Gatsby’ in Chengdu, China

May 20, 2013 4:45 AM EDT

What can F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Roaring ‘20s novel tell us about present-day China? Matt Lombardi teaches the American classic to students in the city of Chengdu.

Danghao Geng, the sophomore class president at Southwestern University in Chengdu, China, stood at the front of a cinder block classroom before a crowd of eager students—and sold books. The university had failed to acquire the course texts in time for the first class, but Danghao, an industrious Insurance major who prefers to be called Harry (“like Harry Potter”), had solved the problem at a local copy shop. As Harry watched stacks of his bootlegged books diminish and the stack of yuan in his hand grow, he joked, “I could really be making a lot more money right now.” That seemed fitting, considering one of the novels he was selling told the story of American fiction’s most notorious bootlegger. In inky black letters across a stark mint cover, the title read, “THE GREAT GATSBY BY F,” followed by a line a few inches below in smaller type, “Scott Fitzgerald.”

cinder[|sɪndə(r) 타고남은 재

bootleg[|bu:tleg 불법의, 해적판의

diminish[dɪ|mɪnɪʃ] 해적판의

notorious[noʊ|tɔ:riəs]악명높음

A view the skyline of the south west Chinese city of Chengdu. (Ed Jones/AFP/Getty Images)

The Great Gatsby is one of those taught-to-death novels in America, due in part to its critique of the American Dream. Most students meet Fitzgerald’s glittery gang of socialites and big reader-friendly symbols in high school, if not sooner. Last fall, Baruch College at the City University of New York sent me to Chengdu, in southwestern China, to teach English 2150, a writing course that I titled “Strangers in Strange Lands.” One of the books that I taught was The Great Gatsby, and I was curious to see how one country’s sacred classic played out in another. The parallels between post-World War I America and present-day China seemed relevant. Chinese youth culture is not “roaring,” but the country’s prosperity, industrial growth, rampant consumerism, new technology, and thriving cities resemble the American 1920s.

sacred[|seɪkrɪd 성스러운 종교적인

parallel[|pӕrəlel]평행한, 아주 유사한

relevant[|reləvənt 관련있는 적절한

rampant[|rӕmpənt] 만연하는

resemble[rɪ|zembl]닮다. 비슷하다

But as China’s new president, Xi Jinping, touts the “Chinese Dream” despite dire rural poverty, what is the “dream” for a technologically savvy Chinese generation born in the booming 1990s, with only vague notions of the Tiananmen Square student protests of 1989?

tout[taʊt] 설득하려 장점을 내세우다. 홍보하다

savvy[|sӕvi] 지식 상식

vague[veɪg] 희미한, 모호한

notion[|noʊʃn] 개념 생각

If we look to The Great Gatsby for answers, it wasn’t Nick Carraway, the novel’s conflicted narrator, whom students sympathized with. As one student stated in an essay, “Gatsby’s unyieldingness to the gauntlet lay down by the sham world acted like a shooting star in the darkest night, giving the darkness dawn, the sorrow comfort, and the desperation hope.”

unyieldingness 양보하지 않음, 완강함

gauntlet[|gɔ:ntlət] 튼튼한 장갑

sham[ʃӕm]가짜 엉터리

When Harry was not copying my entire reading list and selling it at a bargain, then he was giving a TED-Talk-like PowerPoint presentation to a packed house of over 80 students on how to live in New York, where he has never been before; or he was presiding over the “English Club” he headed, where they have met to discuss such texts as the Gettysburg Address and the script for the pilot episode of “Friends”; or he was acting as class president, an unelected position to which he was appointed by the preceding class president and friend of the family. Harry’s dream is to become a wealthy CFO of a large company in Switzerland, where he once visited on a business trip with his father and was impressed by the friendly people, cleanliness, and beauty of its cities, though he believes Canada or the United States to be more realistic options. Like Jay Gatsby, and many of my students, Harry’s family came from rural poverty. His father grew up a poor sheep farmer in Inner Mongolia, but as the youngest child he managed to attend college at Xi’an Jiaotong University where he met his first girlfriend and later his wife. Harry’s parents worked as engineers for the government in Beijing and lived in a cramped, leaky sixth-floor walk-up with no heat or air conditioning, until Harry’s father was sent on a business trip to Italy to study some new machinery. It was there he was offered a job with a Swiss company looking to expand in China. After that, Harry grew up away from home at boarding schools in China.

presiding[prizáidiŋ]통솔하는, 사회하는

How one country’s sacred classic played out in another.

On a cool fall Saturday afternoon between classes, Harry and I sat on low stools at a long greasy table in a packed open-air restaurant, drinking peanut milk from glass bottles to cool our tongues from the enormous metal pan of chili wheat noodles we shared. Harry was 19, short, with a broad face and thick eyebrows above his glasses. A few days prior, the Chinese writer, Mo Yan, had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, and Harry was still surprised. “I really thought it would be Haruki Murakami,” he said.

http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/05/20/teaching-the-great-gatsby-in-chengdu-china.html

대륙의 딸들. 장융

대륙의 딸들 또는 대략의 딸이라는 제목으로 한국에 소개되었다.

처음 이 책을 빌렸을때, 중국 여성 3대 이야기하는 표지 소개를 보고

3대를 착각하여 송경령 송미령 등의 이야기로 생각했다.

하지만 이 책이 논픽션이고 지은이가 장융이라는 사람인 것을 보고

늦게 그들은 3대가 아니고 3자매라는 사실을 깨달았다.

이 책의 원문이 중국어가 아닌 영문임을 알게되어 책을 조금 읽자마자

바로 영문 원서를 구입했다.

해외구매라 2권을 다 읽은 적절한 시점에 배송되었다.

학교로 배송되어 아직 보진 못했다.

책의 소개처럼 소설이 아니지만 더 소설같은 이야기로 정말 재미있게 읽었다.

중국을 이해하기 위해서 반드시 읽어야 할 필독서로 생각되는데 

난 이제야 읽었다. 전에도 제목은 많이 들어봤다.

내가 많이 관심이 있는 근현대사, 특히 신중국 성립 전후가 배경이므로 

더욱 흥미로웠다. 사실 그 시대를 잘 보여주는 영화나 책을 몇번 봐서 익숙한 내용이긴 했지만

다시한번 한 개인이 겪었을 그 시대에 비해 얼마나 좋은 시대를 살고 있나 생각하게 된다.

3대 여성의 이야기는 작가인 장융이 손녀고

할머니 어머니 본인으로 3대 중국 격변사에서 사람이 느꼈을 감정을 잘 보여준다.

할머니 시대 즉 청나라 말기 전족이 아직 있었던시기부터

공산당이 내전에 승리하며 신중국 초기 어머니

문화대혁명을 거치면서 결국 영국으로 유학가게된 작가 본인의 이야기까지

정말 중국의 현대사를 잘 소개되어있고 그 속에서 살았던 사람의 감정이

어떠하였는지 간접적으로 경험할 수 있다.

마오쩌둥은 초기 국민당의 억압을 받고 있던 중국을 해방시킨 것은 부정할 수 없겠지만

자신의 이상을 위해 무모한 실험을 자행했다. - 대약진운동 문화대혁명

그리고 인민들에게 끊임없는 희생과 노력을 강요했다.

어쩌면 어려운 환경에서 성공한 사람들의 일반적인 특징 중 하나인거 같다.

드라마에서도 자주 볼 수 있듯이 자수성가한 아버지의 아들은 

아버지 입장에서보면 참 약해보인다는 것인데, 마오쩌둥 역시 본인의 힘든 과정에 비하면

그 노력으로 중국을 해방시켰다고 생각했는데

인민들이 또는 새로운 지도부가 덜 희생적이고 혁명적이지 않다는 이유로

마음에 들어 하지 않았기에 그런 계급투쟁을 계속하지 않았나 생각된다.

사실 직장에서도 그런 모습을 볼 수 있다, 예전에 정말 힘들게 개인생활도 없이

회사에 충성했던 사람들이 최근에 입사한 사람들의 근무태도에 불만을 가지는 것은 

어찌보면 당연하다 할 수 있다.

하지만 어쩌겠는가 사회는 변하고 있고, 

작가의 아버지는 정말 정직한 공산당원이었지만 

그의 마지막처럼 가족에 소홀하고 당에 헌신한 것이 물거품이 된것처럼

지금 나의 아버지 세대들이 고생한 댓가를 받지 못하는 현실과 비슷하다.

그럼에도 불구하고 세상은 다시 바꿔서 마오의 세상은 끝났다.

할머니가 국민당 장군의 첩이었고, 부모님은 공산당원이었다 

그로인해 많은 혜택을 누리기도 했고 핍박을 받기도 했다.

사회변화에 따라 그들의 삶이 격변했지만 

그들은 누구보다 열심히 그리고 주관을 갖고 살았던거 같다.

76년 문화대혁명이 종결되어 작가가 영국 유학을 갈 수 있었던 것은 결국 그녀가

어떠한 시련도 이겨내고 하고 싶은 것을 찾고 포기하지 않았기에 가능했을까 것이다.

그 시대에 비하면 우리는 참 할 수 있는게 많다.

 뭔가를 이루기 위해 삶을 투쟁처럼 살 필요는 없다.

다만 우리가 사는 삶에 감사하고 만족하며, 

자신의 삶에 충실할 필요는 있다고 생각한다.

우리가 지금 하고 싶은 것을 포기하는 것의 이유가 과연 이 3대가 처한 환경보다 

더 열악할까 생각해보면서

결국 기회라는 것은 준비하는 자에게 오는 것임을 새삼 깨닫게 된다.

Pyongyang must come to its senses

In one of the most decisive actions underscoring a change of attitude by the new leadership of China toward its traditional ally North Korea, Beijing had its state-run Bank of China close accounts and business transactions with the Foreign Trade Bank of North Korea, Pyongyang’s official foreign currency channel. The unprecedented act from China has not been included in the new set of international sanctions the United Nations Security Council slapped on North Korea following its third nuclear test.

transactions. [법률]매매거래

unprecedented[ʌn|presɪdentɪd]전례 없는, 

미증유의

sanctions. [정치학]<용어>제재(制裁)

Instead, it was part of concerted efforts with Washington to force North Korea to abandon its nuclear weapons programs. The U.S. Treasury Department in March separately imposed sanctions against the Foreign Trade Bank and asked China to make a similar move. Beijing was finally doing what Pyongyang feared most - leaving its side and cutting off its economic and financial lifeline.

concerted[kən|s3:rtɪd] [명사 앞에만 씀](특히 둘 이상의 사람・국가 등이) 합심한, 결연한

imposed 겹쳐진

The Foreign Trade Bank is in charge of the external commerce and business transactions led by the Pyongyang regime. It remains unclear how much of North Korea’s economy the government-led projects primarily run by the party and military take up. It is estimated that China accounts for more than 90 percent of North Korea’s external annual trade turnover of $6-7 billion. Some of the settlements have been done through the Foreign Trade Bank and the Bank of China. The latest move is, therefore, likely to take an effective toll on North Korea’s fund-raising.

regime[reɪ|Ʒi:m]정권, 체제

It’s uncertain whether Bank of China’s action is part of Beijing’s new policy toward Pyongyang. The bank may have simply yielded to the pressure from Washington that presented evidence of illegal financial transactions between the two banks. Intentional or not, Beijing has joined in the international financial sanctions. North Korea can no longer entirely depend on its sole and primary patron. 

intentional[ɪn|tenʃənl의도적인

patron[|peɪtrən]후원자

North Korea must realize that it has brought this on itself. It will be further secluded and squeezed if it does not stop military provocations against South Korea, the United States and Japan. The elites as well as the common residents will now have to suffer. South Korea, the U.S. and the rest of the international community have promised they will give all the necessary help the country needs if it opens up and abandons weapons programs. We hope North Korea will finally come to its senses. 

secluded[sɪ|klu:dɪd]장소가 한적한, 외딴

provocation[|prɑ:və|keɪʃn 도발, 자극

출처:http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2971366